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1. First of all, I'd like to draw a sharp divide between Jellinek's
1946 and 1952 papers on the symptomatology of alcoholism.
2. The blasts on this list that have been directed toward Jellinek's
allegedly disease-establishing papers - e.g., the small and selectively
included sample -- concern the 1946 paper.
3. What does not seem to be reflected in the posts citing such
weaknesses is that Jellinek in the '46 paper was entirely forthcoming about
these weaknesses - that is to say, he warned his reader about them.
4. The ostensible purpose of the '46 paper was to explore whether the
"drinking history" (instead of, say, the personality characteristics) of the
alcoholic evidenced discernable regularities.
5. I believe that Marty Mann actually put together the survey and that
she developed it in order to strengthen her campaign's claim that science
supported the disease conception of alcoholism.
6. Jellinek and his colleagues in the Yale group sponsored Mann's
campaign from 1944-1949 based largely on the advice of a public relations
specialist, Dwight Anderson. Anderson wrote a seminal paper in 1942 in
which he suggested that the "new scientific approach" to the nation's
alcohol problem needed a luminous symbol that would differentiate the new
approach from the legacy of Dry-Wet controversy and arguments in the alcohol
arena. Anderson suggested that the disease conception of alcoholism could
and would serve that symbolic purpose very nicely. Once again, there was no
secrecy surrounding Anderson's advice - his paper was published in the QJSA
in '42.
7. Jellinek and the Yale group - first and foremost, I believe - saw
Mann's new organization and campaign as providing for alcoholism what, say,
the National Cancer Society provided for cancer research - namely, a lay
group that would advocate on behalf of national attention to alcoholism and,
not least important, generate a steady stream of funding for alcohol-related
research.
8. Mann also brought her own agenda to the NCEA, which included a
strong commitment to destigmatizing alcoholism.
9. Getting back to Jellinek '46: It is good to understand that
Jellinek was exploring new territory regarding alcoholism in attempting to
structure the drinking history per se. Past psychologically oriented
research had not pursued that plane of empirical study. There is, of
course, a substantial difference between "exploratory" and "confirmatory"
scientific research - "exploratory" work allows the researcher much more
latitude, its main goal being to stimulate new ideas and conceptual
possibilities.
10. Hence, the strength of sampling in exploratory research is not quite
so important a methodological factor.
11. Jellinek described the poor character of his sample in the '46 paper.
He said that the Grapevine had a circulation of about 1,600 and that the 158
responses receive represented only about 10% of the circulation. He further
explained that the 15 questionnaires returned by women were too few to allow
separate analyses by gender and also appeared not to pattern with the male
responses - so he excluded them. The other exclusions resulted from
incorrectly done questionnaires and AA groups that had filled out the
questionnaires collectively - i.e., the group members recorded their average
responses for each survey question. He was left with 98 analyzable
questionnaires.
12. Jellinek also discussed the impact of the fact that this survey was
conducted on an AA membership.
13. He futher discussed an number of other potential weaknesses of this
study.
14. It makes a difference that these weaknesses were stated and discussed
in Jellinek's paper.
15. The '52 paper was another matter entirely, but it did not rely on the
98 cases drawn from the Grapevine survey.
Ron
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<div class=3DSection1>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>1.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>First of
all, I’d like to draw a sharp divide between Jellinek’s 1946 =
and
1952 papers on the symptomatology of =
alcoholism.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>2.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>The blasts
on this list that have been directed toward Jellinek’s allegedly =
disease-establishing
papers – e.g., the small and selectively included sample -- =
concern the
1946 paper.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>3.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>What does
not seem to be reflected in the posts citing such weaknesses is that =
Jellinek
in the ’46 paper was entirely forthcoming about these weaknesses =
–
that is to say, he warned his reader about =
them.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>4.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>The
ostensible purpose of the ’46 paper was to explore whether the =
“drinking
history” (instead of, say, the personality characteristics) of the
alcoholic evidenced discernable =
regularities.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>5.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>I believe
that Marty Mann actually put together the survey and that she developed =
it in
order to strengthen her campaign’s claim that science supported =
the
disease conception of alcoholism.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>6.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Jellinek
and his colleagues in the Yale group sponsored Mann’s campaign =
from
1944-1949 based largely on the advice of a public relations specialist, =
Dwight
Anderson. <st1:City w:st=3D"on"><st1:place =
w:st=3D"on">Anderson</st1:place></st1:City>
wrote a seminal paper in 1942 in which he suggested that the “new
scientific approach” to the nation’s alcohol problem needed =
a
luminous symbol that would differentiate the new approach from the =
legacy of
Dry-Wet controversy and arguments in the alcohol arena. <st1:City =
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place
w:st=3D"on">Anderson</st1:place></st1:City> suggested that the disease
conception of alcoholism could and would serve that symbolic purpose =
very
nicely. Once again, there was no secrecy surrounding <st1:City =
w:st=3D"on"><st1:place
w:st=3D"on">Anderson</st1:place></st1:City>’s advice – his =
paper was
published in the QJSA in ’42.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>7.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Jellinek
and the Yale group – first and foremost, I believe – saw =
Mann’s
new organization and campaign as providing for alcoholism what, say, the
National Cancer Society provided for cancer research – namely, a =
lay
group that would advocate on behalf of national attention to alcoholism =
and,
not least important, generate a steady stream of funding for =
alcohol-related
research. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>8.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Mann also
brought her own agenda to the NCEA, which included a strong commitment =
to
destigmatizing alcoholism. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>9.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>Getting
back to Jellinek ’46: It is good to understand that Jellinek =
was
exploring new territory regarding alcoholism in attempting to structure =
the
drinking history per se. Past psychologically oriented research =
had not
pursued that plane of empirical study. There is, of course, a =
substantial
difference between “exploratory” and =
“confirmatory”
scientific research – “exploratory” work allows the
researcher much more latitude, its main goal being to stimulate new =
ideas and
conceptual possibilities.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>10.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Hence,
the strength of sampling in exploratory research is not quite so =
important a
methodological factor. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>11.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Jellinek
described the poor character of his sample in the ’46 paper. =
He
said that the Grapevine had a circulation of about 1,600 and that the =
158
responses receive represented only about 10% of the circulation. =
He
further explained that the 15 questionnaires returned by women were too =
few to
allow separate analyses by gender and also appeared not to pattern with =
the
male responses – so he excluded them. The other exclusions =
resulted
from incorrectly done questionnaires and AA groups that had filled out =
the
questionnaires collectively – i.e., the group members recorded =
their
average responses for each survey question. He was left with 98
analyzable questionnaires.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>12.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> Jellinek
also discussed the impact of the fact that this survey was conducted on =
an AA
membership.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>13.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> He
futher discussed an number of other potential weaknesses of this =
study.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>14.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> It
makes a difference that these weaknesses were stated and discussed in =
Jellinek’s
paper.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-left:39.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 =
lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'><span
style=3D'mso-list:Ignore'>15.<font size=3D1 face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> =
</span></font></span></span></font><![endif]><font
size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> The
’52 paper was another matter entirely, but it did not rely on the =
98
cases drawn from the Grapevine survey.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D4 face=3DTahoma><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma'>Ron<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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