Dear Melissa, I suspect the article to which Geoffrey Giles alluded is Hans Medick, "Plebeian Culture in the Transition to Capitalism," in Culture, Ideology and Politics: Essays for Eric Hobsbawm, edited by Raphael Samuel and Gareth Stedman Jones (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982), pp. 84-113. Sincerely Yours, David W. Gutzke History Dept. SMSU Springfield, MO e-mail: [log in to unmask]